| T O P I C R E V I E W |
| balto |
Posted - 07/14/2013 : 07:30:14
Collect from the WWW.
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For many sufferers, gluten intolerance may originate in the mind, not the body. But that's nothing to be ashamed of, says a philosopher
While living in China from 2003 to 2005, I often served as the designated translator for fellow expatriates. Whenever we ate out, this involved asking our server which menu items contained monosodium glutamate (MSG). Invariably I was told that almost everything is made with weijing ("flavour essence"), including, on one occasion, the roast peanut appetiser my MSG-sensitive friends were snacking on as I made my enquiry.
After observing that no one reacted to the peanuts, I was inspired to conduct a simple (and admittedly unethical) experiment. One evening, instead of translating honestly, I told my companions at a large banquet that the kitchen had promised to avoid using MSG. Everyone thanked me and happily ate their meal, dish after poisoned dish.
An hour later? Two hours later? The next day? Nothing.
I repeated this experiment on multiple occasions, always with the same result. And yet foreigners living in China routinely complained of reactions to their food that included headaches, chest pain and shortness of breath. Was there something about my presence that conferred temporary resistance to MSG? Or could it be that MSG sensitivity was only in their heads?
Chinese restaurant syndrome
In April 1968, the New England Journal of Medicine published a letter by Robert Ho Man Kwok that described a strange set of symptoms: "Numbness at the back of the neck, gradually radiating to both arms and the back, general weakness and palpitation." Stranger still was the fact that Kwok, himself a Chinese immigrant, typically noted the onset of these symptoms 20 minutes after eating at restaurants serving "Northern Chinese food".
An editor at the journal titled Kwok's letter "Chinese restaurant syndrome", and thus began a minor epidemic. For countless sufferers, a mystery had been finally solved. "No MSG" signs sprang up across the US, and, eventually, the world. Study upon study confirmed the syndrome's existence and speculated about the science underlying it.
But after reading some of these studies, even a layperson will start to get suspicious. Take the editorial note that precedes Russell Asnes's article "Chinese restaurant syndrome in an infant": "The evidence that this infant had the Chinese Restaurant syndrome may be only circumstantial. However, the description of the symptom is accurate as attested to by the Editor's wife who suffers from the same malady. Incidentally, she remains a devotee of Chinese cuisine."
Science, that sworn enemy of circumstantial evidence, marched on, and slowly but surely physiological explanations of Chinese restaurant syndrome began to lose credibility. Double-blinded studies failed to turn up evidence of a clinical condition. MSG, many people noted, appears in everything from sushi to Doritos. Journalists performed experiments similar to mine, their results echoing the consensus of professional scientists: in the overwhelming majority of cases, MSG sensitivity is a psychological phenomenon.
Despite this thorough debunking, a surprisingly large number of people – generally those who lived through the epidemic – still insist they are sensitive to MSG. Google around and you'll turn up scores of alarmist websites, which tend to combine outdated research with anecdotal, indignant rebuttals of the current scientific wisdom: "How dare you suggest my MSG sensitivity is only in my head? Why, just the other day I went out for Chinese and forgot to ask about MSG. After 45 minutes I couldn't breathe and my heart was racing."
Occasionally, as with vaccines and climate change denial, alarmism veers into paranoia, yielding accusations that a shadowy east Asian cabal is paying off scientists and journalists to regurgitate their propaganda. (Ajinomoto Corporation, I await your cheque!). For a small minority, MSG sensitivity somehow became more than a medical condition, and challenging its physiological basis poses a threat to their very identity. The harmfulness of MSG, a seemingly trivial assertion, took on the importance of a religious doctrine, a fundamental truth to be defended at any cost. But why?
Gluten rising
In 2007, my wife's cake shop did not offer a gluten-free option. Six years later, hardly a month goes by without a request for a gluten-free tasting. Thanks in part to celebrities such as Oprah Winfrey and Lady Gaga, nearly one-third of all consumers are now interested in gluten-free food, a multi-billion-dollar industry projected to exceed $10 billion by 2017. (Even children's play sand now comes with a gluten-free guarantee!)
This is very perplexing, given that only 1 per cent of the population has coeliac disease and only 0.5 per cent is allergic to wheat. What could possibly be causing widespread reports of non-coeliac gluten intolerance, commonly blamed for a raft of symptoms including gas, bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, fatigue, goose bumps, dizziness, infertility, migraines, joint inflammation and even mood disorders?
Scientists are applying themselves to the riddle, and last February Slate's Darshak Sanghavi reported on an Italian study that confirmed the existence of gluten intolerance ("non-coeliac wheat sensitivity") as a third, "distinct clinical condition". In the study, one-third of patients who self-identified as gluten-intolerant did in fact experience symptom relief after adopting a gluten-free diet. Case closed, right? Pass the gluten-free pasta.
Not so fast. An important implication of the study is that two-thirds of people who think they are gluten intolerant really aren't. In light of this, the even-handed Sanghavi suggested that "patients convinced they have gluten intolerance might do well to also accept that their self-diagnosis may be wrong".
Predictably, the comment thread exploded with rebuttals: defensive anecdotes, doctrinal pronouncements about the evils of gluten and accusations of corporate malfeasance, all of which bear a striking resemblance in tone and content to the rhetoric of anti-MSG advocates. For many, the truth of physiological gluten intolerance has now acquired a quasi-religious status.
Allergic to evidence
No one likes to be told they are mistaken about the foundation of their most dearly held beliefs. It offended the faithful when Karl Marx suggested that religions are psychological tools meant to placate the masses. Suggesting that gluten intolerance might have a psychological basis threatens a similarly foundational belief, namely that we are rational beings, competent interpreters of reality immune to mass hysteria and self-deception.
Obviously this is not the case. For one, our memories are notoriously unreliable. You may remember getting headaches from Chinese food when in fact those memories were created when you read about Chinese restaurant syndrome in the news. The same is true for memories of gluten intolerance. Don't forget, certainty about your memories is not sufficient evidence of their truth: "Look, I know that for the last 20 years, every time I ate gluten it gave me terrible gas."
Under oath, eyewitnesses constantly forget crucial details and replace them with their own fabrications. They aren't liars – they're just human. One reason for this unreliability is that memory and perception are prone to confirmation bias. Once a bias is in place, we'll selectively remember – and notice – whatever facts help confirm it.
Food historian Ian Mosby has explained the "success" of Chinese restaurant syndrome by connecting it to racialised discourse that drew on a vision of Chinese cooking as bizarre or extreme. In the case of gluten intolerance, it doesn't take much to come up with a plausible confirmation bias. Only nine years ago, 1 in every 11 Americans was on a low-carb diet. In a country terrified of weight gain and recently obsessed with the Atkins diet, gluten makes a great villain. It's hard not to notice the theme of weight loss on gluten-free sites. Pasta, bread, cake, cookies, pretzels – they don't just make you fat, they make you sick! (Added bonus: diets motivated by a medical condition are far more effective – ask any diabetic.)
Nocebo nosh
Confirmation bias meets physiology in the placebo effect, a well-documented phenomenon in medical treatments ranging from sham drugs to sham acupuncture (where patients respond positively to sham needles) to sham knee surgery.
People's desire to believe in a cure actually affects their symptoms. That's why placebo-controlled, double-blinded studies are integral to medical research. Without them, we'd be in constant danger of ascribing physiological causality to treatments that are actually psychological.
Needless to say, placebo effects aren't always beneficial. Strong belief can also render a harmless substance poisonous, which is exactly what happened with MSG. Scientists refer to this as the nocebo effect, and it means that careful studies are necessary to distinguish between poisons and poisonous beliefs.
None of this minimises the relief felt by those who undergo sham acupuncture, or the symptoms of those who think they are gluten intolerant. Pain is pain; chronic diarrhoea is chronic diarrhoea. All it means is that pain relief might not be caused by the physical presence of an acupuncture needle, and diarrhoea might not be caused by the physical presence of gluten. In these instances, the symptoms may be real, but their cause (and potential resolution) is all in our heads.
Mindful of suffering
It is here where the trouble begins. There's something intensely disturbing about the notion that we can make ourselves sick. Belief, not physiology, becomes the causal agent, displacing MSG or gluten as the source of blame for someone's suffering. This can make us feel vulnerable, stupid and weak, as though we have the choice to be better but lack the mental acuity to manage it. Not only that, it's hard not to feel like a psychological explanation trivialises one's condition – hence the expression "It's only in your head." But things that are in our heads aren't fake or unimportant (OCD? anorexia?), and susceptibility to a nocebo effect isn't a sign of weakness. Anyone can unknowingly invent a false memory or react to a substance that is actually benign.
Accepting a psychological explanation of gluten intolerance is especially difficult because food aversions often turn into a way of life. Like religion, avoiding gluten requires personal sacrifice. Gluten intolerance creates communities, which, like religious communities, share stories of suffering and redemption, and share meals made special by the presence of a food taboo. It's no wonder people take offence at the suggestion that gluten intolerance could be psychological – after all, who wants to have built their way of life on a "mere" trick of the mind?
Thinking that way is a mistake. Reductionist psychological explanations of religious beliefs can be offensive because they deny fundamental religious truths: "You believe in heaven to stave off your fear of death, not because it really exists." Legitimate psychological explanations of medical conditions, on the other hand, deny no such truths. The question of whether and to what extent MSG and gluten cause physiological reactions is scientific, not religious. When one's explanation of a medical condition becomes an unquestionable truth, the explanation is no longer scientific.
Many basic claims of nutrition science are unintuitive and sometimes don't stand up to repeated research. (Salt? Cholesterol? Vitamins? Alcohol? Coffee?) At this point, scientists simply don't have a good explanation for the mechanism and prevalence of gluten intolerance – hence the need for studies about whether it exists at all.
Maybe people have always been gluten intolerant and were going undiagnosed – as is true with coeliac disease. Maybe our guts haven't evolved to process gluten – as some advocates of the Palaeolithic diet claim. Maybe it's Monsanto (conspiracy theorists rejoice!). Maybe gluten intolerance isn't really caused by gluten, and we should actually be blaming a family of proteins in wheat called amylase trypsin inhibitors.
None of these explanations is "only" in our heads, which makes them feel more acceptable. But to deny the distinct possibility that gluten could be another MSG, at least for some people, is to deny what science has confirmed, again and again, about our nature as human beings.
So when some annoying friend implies that your gluten intolerance is psychological, go right ahead and be offended. But when science suggests it? Best to listen up, question your self-diagnosis, and remind yourself that nocebo effects are nothing to be ashamed of.
Alan Levinovitz is an assistant professor of Chinese philosophy and religion at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. This article first appeared in Slate magazine
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No, I don't know everything. I'm just here to share my experience. |
| 12 L A T E S T R E P L I E S (Newest First) |
| filipe |
Posted - 08/29/2015 : 05:24:09
quote:
Originally posted by Sam908
Low blood sugar. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Fibromyalgia. Now: Gluten Intolerance. What's next?
Sympathetic Reflex Distrophy, MS, etc, but namely Cancer... 95% of all pseudo deseases |
| marytabby |
Posted - 08/28/2015 : 12:16:02
And I hate that dry pet food is loaded with corn, wheat. To the person who mentioned we really aren't naturally supposed to eat this crap, neither are our pets. MEAT is all they should have. My cat poor became diabetic due to all the dry food I was free feeding her.
As for silica and gluten intolerance, I do not buy it. |
| balto |
Posted - 09/05/2013 : 09:21:07
quote:
Originally posted by Scottydog
I had gluten intolerance for over a year. Had terrible wind, swollen belly if I ate bread or wheat.
Eventually, after many months, I was making myself some gluten free pasta (yuck) and thought sod it, I'm going to just treat myself to the real thing. After a couple of mouthfuls I had to rush to the bathroom, it appeared to go straight through me (sorry for tmi). Then thought about it. The couple of mouthfuls couldn't have reached my bowel that quickly, they would only be in my stomach so how could it have made me rush to the loo!
So decided it was all in the mind and reverted to a normal diet without problem.
However I do get bloating etc sometimes, not sure if it's diet or stress but imo probably both. So gluten CAN be a problem but I think stress and then, no doubt, your mind can take over to continue the allergy.
It could also be conditioning Scotty. Long ago I had this problem. I think our body memorizes the time, the environment, the event, the emotion, situation... whatever it is from the last time we had bloating due to tms. The body will then "produce" the exact symptoms without us having any anxiety or stress if we are going through the same "event, environment, situation..." . I think some scientist call this "implies memory". Same as if you had an anxiety attack while going over a bridge. Now that even you're cure from anxiety, you can still experience anxiety symptoms if you going over that same bridge again. The body just interpret that the bridge is an instruction to the body to produce the necessary chemical changes in our body to replicate the exact symptoms we had before.
You got to decondition yourself to each and every symptoms. Because if we don't, some of the symptoms maybe intense enough to "scare" us into relapse.
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No, I don't know everything. I'm just here to share my experience. |
| Darko |
Posted - 09/02/2013 : 15:50:45
There is a great deal of rubbish info about diet........just take a look around. Westerns aren't exactly what you would call fit and healthy.
As for the Carbs/Grains thing....I am proof that this info is incorrect. I live.....and I mean live on starch/complex carbs. 70% of what I eat every day is starch.....I lost weight, I have more energy now than ever and have just never felt better. I also go to gym and have muscles and am not a skinny stick insect. Read these results.
http://www.drmcdougall.com/health/education/health-science/stars/stars-written/
There are loads of people around with big opinions about diet......very few have been able to apply that info and get amazing results in unhealthy people.....this guy has. I only look at the results
It doesn't matter what I eat......when stressed I can get loads of bloating and gas. What's happening in the head has a great deal to do with what's happening in the gut in my experience
D
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| njoy |
Posted - 08/31/2013 : 20:50:49
Sam908 says, "Low blood sugar. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Fibromyalgia. Now: Gluten Intolerance. What's next?"
I wonder this, too. I have known for ages that MSG is probably bogus and gluten intolerance, too, so thanks for this thread, balto.
I've been wondering, lately, about my type 2 diabetes. My blood sugar really does get too high if I overdo the carbs and don't exercise but I've read recently that there is ZERO scientific proof that high blood sugar correlates with a higher incidence of all those scary things like amputations and blindness, etc. Some get 'em. Some don't. Doesn't seem to matter much if your blood sugar is within normal levels.
There's always the thought that a disease might be "real" but your reaction (freak), the doctor's reaction (lots of prescriptions with weight gain, exhaustion, cravings as side effects PLUS intense concern that you just have to "attain tight control of your blood sugar", and the pharmaceutical companies reaction (ka-ching!) make a simple problem complex, more expensive and scarier than it needs to be. |
| Wavy Soul |
Posted - 08/31/2013 : 19:51:12
Latest New Scientist has extraordinary article on all this - e.g. Sugar rush idea (which I subscribe to) - they did controlled studies etc and are debunking this and many such health beliefs.
Am in hotel in iPad eating chocolate...
Love is the answer, whatever the question |
| Sam908 |
Posted - 08/23/2013 : 06:33:32
Low blood sugar. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Fibromyalgia. Now: Gluten Intolerance. What's next? |
| yogaluz |
Posted - 08/22/2013 : 14:50:44
I went off gluten when my naturopath suggested it might be responsible for my myriad symptoms including heart palpitations, stomach upset and bloating, low BP etc. I was very religious about it (as the article points out, GF folks become zealots and I was one of them) despite the fact that my symptoms persisted, though with somewhat less intensity.
Four months ago I quit my very stressful job and moved to Hawaii (very stressful but in a different way than work) and in the chaos of the move, I was really struggling to stay GF and find things to eat that were quick and easy. One night as my family was munching down on frozen pizza, I said $^%& it and ate two pieces. NOTHING happened. I did not get sick, did not bloat or have pain in my stomach. I've since eaten wheat in moderation (as Jaya said, I do believe eating fewer grains is a healthier way of life) and I haven't had one symptom.
Yup, it's psychological and the stomach issues I was having were job stress related pure and simple. I would think TMS folks would be susceptible to this 'sensitivity' given how distracting and obsessive staying GF can be.
pain is inevitable, suffering optional |
| jaya |
Posted - 08/22/2013 : 13:15:05
to me...it doesnt matter...its a healthier way to eat period---we have not evolved enough to try to digest wheat and grain...it took us millions of years to lose the tail...3000 years is definitley not enough time to evolve to digest grains! |
| Scottydog |
Posted - 07/16/2013 : 12:14:43
I had gluten intolerance for over a year. Had terrible wind, swollen belly if I ate bread or wheat.
Eventually, after many months, I was making myself some gluten free pasta (yuck) and thought sod it, I'm going to just treat myself to the real thing. After a couple of mouthfuls I had to rush to the bathroom, it appeared to go straight through me (sorry for tmi). Then thought about it. The couple of mouthfuls couldn't have reached my bowel that quickly, they would only be in my stomach so how could it have made me rush to the loo!
So decided it was all in the mind and reverted to a normal diet without problem.
However I do get bloating etc sometimes, not sure if it's diet or stress but imo probably both. So gluten CAN be a problem but I think stress and then, no doubt, your mind can take over to continue the allergy. |
| icelikeaninja |
Posted - 07/14/2013 : 21:40:18
It's always been very suspicious for me whenever I met celiacs. I never knew to much about it or asked.
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| art |
Posted - 07/14/2013 : 12:14:13
Far from an expert, but I think there's a pretty dispositive test for gluten intolerance.
ON the other hand, it sure has that mind/body aura about it. |
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